Rabu, 23 April 2014

Indonesian Economic System Differences With Developed Countries


In the world , can states are divided into developed countries, developing countries or newly industrialized countries . Developed countries is the name for a country that enjoys a relatively high standard of living through high technology and equitable economic . Most countries with high GDP per capita is considered a developing country . However, some countries have achieved high GDP through the exploitation of natural resources ( such as phosphorus and Nauru by making Brunei Darussalam through the decision without developing the petroleum industry are diverse , and economically based - services are not considered to have the status of ' developed countries ' . Observers and theoretical look at the reasons different why some countries ( and others not ) to enjoy high economic growth . Plenty of reasons stated economic development requires a combination of government representatives ( or democracy ) , a model of a free market economy , and the lack or absence of corruption . several looked rich countries became rich because of exploitation of poor countries in the past , through imperialism and colonialism , or in the present , through the process of globalization . examples of countries that can be regarded as developed countries , among others , the United States , Hong Kong , Netherlands , Portugal , Spain and many more . while developing country is a country with an average low income , relatively underdeveloped infrastructure , and human development index is less than the global norm . This term began to rid the Third World , a term used during the Cold War . The development includes the development of a modern infrastructure ( both physical and institutional ) and a movement from low value added sectors such as agriculture and natural resource extraction . The application of the term ' developing countries ' to the less developed countries is not considered appropriate when the state case is a poor country , the country that did not experience growth economic situation , and also has experienced a sustained period of economic downturn . While the State is the new industry classification of countries that have a very good economy but has not reached the stage of developed countries . Another requirement of a state is said to newly industrialized countries is based on the results of its exports . Some newly industrialized countries is expected to lead the global economy in 2050 , among others , China , India , Brazil and Mexico . Why 2050 ? Because these countries of course requires considerable time , in theory , to be called a developed country that leads the world economy .
Economic system in general can be divided into 4 types , namely :
1 . The traditional economic system
The characteristics of the traditional system are :
- Production techniques studied hereditary and simple
- Just a little use of capital
- Exchange is the barter system ( goods with goods )
- Not familiar with the division of labor
- Still tied to the land as the foundation of traditional production activities and sources of prosperity
Traditional system has advantages such as :
- There is no unfair competition
- Relationships between individuals are very closely
- People feel secure because there is no strong burden that must be borne
- Not individualistic
The weakness of this include:
- The technology used is simple
- Low productivity
- The quality of the goods produced is low
However , now there is no country that adheres to the traditional system , because the problem is emnjadi productivity resulting from this system are low so it can not meet the needs of the community again . This system is only used by the tribes living in remote areas , such as the Bedouin tribes who still use this system in their daily lives .
2 . Market economy system
Is the economic system in which all economic activities ranging from the production , distribution and consumption depend on the market mechanism . Characteristics of the market system are :
- Everyone is free to have the goods , including capital goods
- Everyone is free to use its goods and services to carry out economic activities aimed at obtaining profit
- All economic activity was conducted by the public ( private )
- The government did not intervene in the market
- Competition done freely
- The role of capital is vital daln economic activity
The advantages of this system include:
- Foster initiative and creative community in regulating economic activity
- Each individual has free production resources
- The emergence of competition for forward -
- High-quality goods produced because bad stuff will not be sold on the market
- High efficiency and effectiveness because every economic action based on the profit motive
The weakness of the market system are :
- The difficulty of redistributing income
- Tends to be the exploitation of the workers by the owners of capital
- The emergence of a monopoly that could harm the public
- Frequent turmoil in the economy due to errors by individual resource
3 . Centralized economic system
Is the economic system in which the role of government is dominant and influential in controlling the economy . Economic policies governed entirely by the government . The advantages of this system include:
- Better control of government such as economic problems , inflation , unemployment and so on
- The domestic goods market running smoothly
- The government can intervene in the price formation
- Relatively easy to carry out the distribution of income
- Rare economic crisis
while the weakness of the centralized system is
- Turn off individual initiative to advance
- Frequent public monopoly merugukan
- People do not memukuju freedom in choosing resources
4.Sistem a mixed economy
Is the economic system that combines a market economy and a centralized system , in which the government and the private sector interact in solving economic problems . The hallmark of the system is a mixture of :
- Capital goods and vital resources controlled by the government
- The government can intervene to make the rules , set fiscal policy , monetary , assist and supervise the activities of the private
- The role of government and the private sector balanced
- Take advantages and reduce the disadvantages of centralized systems and the market economy and is intended to improve the welfare of the people
Developed countries are no generally adopts a market economy like the United States , Hong Kong , the Netherlands , Portugal and Spain . Because the market system to stimulate the creativity of its people to compete with each other to produce goods tebaik . But there is also a developed country like France which adopts a mixed economy . Indonesia itself can be said to embrace a mixed economic system . While Naju state that adopts a centralized economy example is the Soviet Union in the cold war era .
Economic system adopted by most developed countries is perkonomian systems market . Right Kuga centralized economic system has been proven to be the welfare of the people as did China Is Indonesia if you want to be a developed country should change its economic system ? I think not . Economic system that we have now been able to make Indonesia to compete with other countries . The problem is that Indonesia should be able to run the economic system is free of corruption , bribery and mafia law that exists today .
http://id.wikipedia.org
World Youth differences Indonesia and Australia
' What a world of difference teenage Indonesia and Australia ? ' I got this question a while ago , and in this article , I try to answer what I think about the world of teenage Indonesia and Australia .
I think that the world young people in Indonesia and Australia is different , partly because of the school systems in the two countries differ . I think the world of school greatly affect the world of teenagers because teenagers are in school at least half a day . So here I will try to review the differences are influenced by differences in the school world .
Opinions Reveals Opportunity

Australian schools have class sizes smaller than Indonesia (at most 30 students ) . The class sizes allow students to actively express their opinions and be creative . Bermasalahpun children get education so that teacher assistants can still pay attention to every child in the class well .
Indonesian schools have an average of between 30-45 students in each class . This makes Indonesian students have the opportunity to express their opinions are smaller than the Australian students . Not enough time to listen to the opinion of every student because too many students . No education assistant for troubled students , so it may well be that there are students who are not considered because the teacher noticed another student .
Determining exam Move Up or Not

In Indonesia , there are exams every semester , every year , and for certain classes of existing national exam . The results of this test will determine whether they will go up a class and repetition . In Australia there is a test anyway , but the kids will still go up grade their exam results anyway . The distinguishing characteristics of this test influence the attitudes of students in the school .
In Indonesia , the teachers can not ignore the test so they are trying to teach what will be tested to the students . Indonesian students will be more serious and easily manageable to learn because learning otherwise they will fail the exam . And if it fails the test , they do not go up the class and they will be ashamed of themselves . Social sanctions do not ride enough weight class in my opinion . Students who are not going to lose the next grade classmates ( because his friends go up to a higher level while he is not ) and is considered stupid by the social environment . Therefore students will really try to go up a class .
In Australia, although there is a test , the children do not learn was not a problem , because if they fail to keep up a class . It makes the students more relaxed and more Australian unruly .
Life on the Outside School
Homework ( PR )
In Indonesia , the teachers give homework and group assignments . These circumstances make Indonesian students provide 1-3 hours each day for homework or group work . While in Australia the teachers trying to not give homework . All work is completed in school , so that Australian teenagers have more time to rest or play .
Extracurricular Activities
In Indonesian schools , there are plenty of extracurricular activities in which students must choose one activity . The event, which is usually accompanied by a teacher after school begins and lasts approximately 1.5 hours . Because of this , students can be active at the school from 7 am to 4 pm . They do not have much free time to play after school for homework may already waiting to be done . While in Australia , the disciples did not stay in school after the lesson is completed . They should go home or seek their own activities .
Les / Tutorial
Still related to the exam is regarded as something very important , Indonesian students who feel less able to understand the lessons learned go in the afternoon at additional institutions . Some are choosing to call the tutor come to the house .
The conclusion that I can draw from the above circumstances is spare time Indonesian students more limited compared with Australian students . Selebih it , they are the same activity as that of teenagers around the world . Most like to exercise , partly to his love of music , some like to play PS most like to read books and others.
 http://uniasmarani.wordpress.com/artikelku/perbedaan-dunia-remaja-indonesia-dan-australia/
The difference with the German Indonesian Education
Actually a lot of differences between schools in Germany and Indonesia . Of the system alone , it had a different education . In Germany , Pre university education was only 2 kinds , namely primary education ( Grundschule ) and secondary education ( Gymnasium , Realschule , or Berufschule ) . If in Indonesia , Pre university education there are three kinds , namely primary and junior - high school . In terms of time is also different , in Indonesia takes 12 years ( normal ) prior to the university level , while in Germany it took 13 years . Writing about the German education system can be found HERE .
I wish to discuss is not a matter of "technical " education as above . I am interested in writing I Made Wiryana in a mailing list about education in Germany . He wrote that the concept of education in Germany is right to get education tend equalization . It applies to foreigners or Germans living in Germany . This means that the concept of precedence is the distribution of educational attainment than the tops of the study results .
He gave the example that when the lower PISA results , the entire German panic . However , when there are children who can present Germany "the best xxxx in the race science " , people consider it normal. It is proportional to the Indonesian extremely proud of the achievements of the nation that the name of Indonesia in the world .
Another example is if your career as an educational institution wants to advance in Germany , you have to move to smaller campuses ( in small towns ) . He explained that the principle of making equalization quality of education is naturally occurring . And again , this is different with Indonesia . Indonesian people tend to have a habit of " smart together with clever " and " together with the rich richer " .


Seeing the conditions above , makes me smile . I believe the quality of education in Indonesia could increase dramatically . The main requirement is only 2 kinds , pemeratan education and appreciation of educational achievement . That's it. If both conditions are met , I am sure more and more Indonesian children who excel in the international arena and all Indonesian children can go to school

COMPORISON ECONOMIC INDONESIA WITH ECONOMIC CHINA

Amalia Zatadinni - 10210591 4ea15

ECONOMIC SYSTEM INDONESIA
Actually the State of Indonesia is a country whose economic system is not clear , a lot of people say that Indonesia has been guided democracies or democratic system of Pancasila but not least also the person who said the Indonesian nation's economic system is an economic system of capitalism even while in Indonesia there is a new order led by the Suharto regime shows little Indonesian nation that had embraced communism economic system the actual economic system is strongly opposed by the people at that time . Indonesia is said to embrace the traditional economic system atu guided democracy or economic system of Pancasila was true . Much of the evidence that supports such words or statements . After our nation's post- independence or independence of our nation from the hands of the invaders , the Indonesian economy was based" Family principle " .The family principle ideas initiated by Mr. Hatta which according to him is this system that fits perfectly with the current state of the Indonesian nation . With this idea he formed the body of the nation 's economywhich we know as " cooperative " .The principle is based on the 1945 family also precisely at the opening and two chapters anyway . Ekstrisik this family principle described in article 33, paragraph 1 and are described in the opening Instrisik 1945 . Dnature of Article 33, paragraph 1 , which reads , " The economy is prepared on the joint venture based on the principle of kinship ," here is clearly apparent that the Indonesian made ​​basic principle of the family as the foundation of its economy .In 1945 the opening shots of paragraph 4 , which reads " The Indonesian nationality in the Constitution of the Indonesian state , which is established within the structure of the Republic of Indonesia which is the basis of the people's sovereignty : Belief in God Almighty , just and civilized humanity , Indonesian unity , and democracy led by wisdom of deliberation / representation , and the realization of social justice for all Indonesian people " .Here is also a very clear description of the principle of the family on the word" Social justice " which means that Indonesia wantseconomic evenly in all directions and corners of Indonesia .By looking at the article and the opening in 1945 on a family basis can be described with togetherness , mutual cooperation , justice , equal rights and obligations . So by looking at the contents above are able to connect our economic system towards an economic system guided democracy or economic sisem Pancasila . This is illustrated in No. TAP . XIII/MPRS/1966 ," The first steps towards the improvement of the people's economy is revaluing than all the foundations of economic policy , finance , and development , with a view to obtaining the right balance between the effort and the purpose sought to be achieved , namely the Indonesian socialist society based onPancasila . "Capitalism economic system means that the priority of individual freedom in regulating the economy , freedom of ownership rights , the freedom to develop themselves , freedom in setting up the company . all of these are in our current economic system .In Indonesia, it 's common to hear " freedom of action " . All citizens are free tochoose what kind of jobs will be occupied , the State is not set in this case , the State can only oversees . Then all the free Indonesia inginkan.negara founded the company that they give the widest freedom to its citizens . Rights -owned also a very unusual sound . There is no news that Indonesia is negagra which forbids its citizens to own a company or institution , or other items . It is also emphasized in the second paragraph of article 27 , which reads ,"Every citizen has the right to work and decent living for humanity . "So with the instructions above evidence can be said Indonesia also embraced kapitallisme economic system . But with the freedom given to each individual that does not mean the State gives everything to be controlled by Indonesian citizens , some of which continue to be governed by the State concerning the business that is the source of livelihood of the people that will be controlled by the State , for example Pertamina and Bulog, which is a company which set the source of all life orang.jadi with this one Indonesian evidence can also be classified into state embracing economic system of communism . For now Indonesia is also developing Islamic economic system . Amid the uncertainty of the national economy after the crisis in 1998 , the reality is the opposite occurred in the economic system of Shari'ah . Shari'ah economic system has been proven effective and is more resistant in times of crisis .The embodiment of this system is erected since 1975 International Development Bank ( IDB ) in Jeddah . The phenomenon of the success of Bank Muamalat through the crisis without the slightest Bank Indonesia Liquidity Assistance ( BLBI ) inspire Indonesian banks . Now open world racing banking services shariah . Data Bank Indonesiain 2006 shows that have stood 561 Bank Shariah . It also has established 25 Sharia Insurance , Capital Markets Shari'ah , Shariah and more Pawnshop 3200 BMT ( Cooperative Sharia ) , and Sunday - International Net , as well as the rise of shariah economic studies at various universities . On the evidence of Indonesia can be classified into the State are being adhered to Islamic economic system.


CHINA ECONOMIC SYSTEM
China is very famous of formerly communist state terms, which all perekonomiaanya State governed by the State and the citizens who oppose it will be punished so there should not be one of its citizens who oppose the policy issued by the government. China also stifle or curb press in his own country. Organization Reporters Sans Frontieres (RSF) located in Paris on January 4, 2006 also reported that earlier detentions against journalists in 2005 is most prevalent in China. (Reuters, January 5, 2006). Data collected reporter organizations across the country is showing until January 1, 2006, the number of journalists who were detained in the communist country as many as 32 people. Here, the media was given strict pengawasn. Banning and confiscation of the media are also common. But now china perokonomiannya systems change toward better yet, there is no restraint on the press, to give freedom to the people of the State to regulate its own perekonomiaanya. increase the power by local employees and officials in the refinery industry, and justify various services and perkilangan pengusahawanan in light, and opened the economy to trade and resurfacing the outside. Escort prices have also been loosened. It has realized exchange berasaskan communist economic system to a mixed system of communist and capitalist economy. In recent years China has further reiterated the target and task of perfecting the socialist market economic system is a market economy where public ownership is mainstream, as evidence that between 1989 and 2001, the number of state enterprises dropped from 102 300 fruit becomes 46,800. While the number of private companies exploded from 90,000 pieces to more than 2 million pieces. This is in accordance with the demands considering the overall urban and rural development, regional development, social and economic development, harmonious development between man and nature, as well as developments in the negari and openness to the outside world, develop the basic role of the market in resource allocation, increase vitality and the competitiveness of enterprises, enhance the state macro control, improve the functions of government in the field of social management and public services, and provide a robust system jaminn building a moderately prosperous society to the whole. Then china working to improve the basic economic system in which the state-owned economy is a major part and multi-ownership economy grow together, establish a profitable system to change the dualistic economic structure between cities and villages, establish mechanisms that encourage the harmonious development of regional economy, build a modern market system uniform, open and orderly competition, improve macro control systems, systems administration and legal system of the economy, improve the system of employment, income distribution and social security, and establish mechanisms that encourage sustainable development in economic and social fields. With the data as described above, china can be classified into the State which also adheres to socialist economic system. And this very giving effect to china's economy to the extent that the United States is actually a superpower powerless against china's economy that have values ​​very rapid economic progress thanks to the economic system that they profess, actually we should learn from china rather than learn from the united states is currently undergoing a major crisis. Now China is also open free market economy, which means they are open for anyone to achieve economies kesehjahteraan for the people. The free market itself is a hallmark of liberalism or economic system of capitalism. So the economic system china is a mix between a socialist economic system, capitalism, and communism. 

Sabtu, 22 Maret 2014

Tugas Softskill bahasa inggris 2 Passive Voice Amalia Zatadinni 10210591 4EA15

Pengertian Passive Voice

Passive voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject pada sentence (kalimat) atau clause (klausa) tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak.
Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi active, subject pada sentence atau clause berhubungan langsung dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi. Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (mempunyai direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian.

Rumus Passive Voice

Rumus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini.
passive voice

Catatan:

  • Auxiliary verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was, were, be, been, being) maupun kombinasi antara dua primary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been) maupun antara primary dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been).
  • Kombinasi auxiliary digunakan pada bentuk pasif pada tenses. .
  • Past participle yang digunakan berupa kata kerja transitive (memiliki direct object).
Contoh:
She can’t drive a car. (active voice, transitive), He always come on time. (active voice, intransitive)
  • Perubahan bentuk dari base form ke past tense dan past participle secara regular maupun irregular.
Contoh:
play (base form) —> played (past participle), sing (base form) —> sung (past participle)

Contoh Passive Voice pada Auxiliary Verb be:

KomponenContoh Kalimat Passive Voice
SubjectbePP
IampaidI am paid in dollars.
(Saya dibayar dalam dollar.)
the red velvet recipeisusedThe red velvet recipe is used by many people.
(Resep red velvet tsb digunakan oleh banyak orang.)
all of my shoesarewashedAll of my shoes are washed every month.
(Semua sepatu saya dicuci setiap bulan.)
large amounts of meat and milkareconsumedLarge amounts of meat and milk are consumed by many people in the countries.
(Sejumlah besar daging dan susu dikonsumsi oleh banyak orang di negara-negara tsb.)
the bookwaseditedThe book was edited by Beatrice Sparks.
(Buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)
the bookswereeditedThe books were edited by Beatrice Sparks.
(Buku-buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)

Pengecualian pada Transitive Verbs

Tidak semua transitive verb, kata kerja yang memiliki direct object, dapat dipasifkan. Beberapa kata kerja tersebut yang antara lain: have, become, lack, look like, mean, dll akan terdengar tidak wajar maknanya ketika dipasifkan. Beberapa contoh kalimat dari kata kerja tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.

Contoh:

  • I have a great new idea. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: A great new idea is had by me.
  • The snack contains aspartame. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: Aspartame is contained by the snack.
Referensi : http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-dan-contoh-kalimat-passive-voice

Active and Passive Voice

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :
  • Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
  • Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:
  1. Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
  2. Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
  3. Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
  4. Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
  5. Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
  6. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.
Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:
Subject + be + Verb+ by + Object + modifier
Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis
a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He meets them everyday.
  • Passive  : They are met by him everyday.
  • Active    : She waters this plant every two days.
  • Passive  : This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
Contoh:
  • Active    : He met them yesterday
  • Passive  : They were met by him yesterday
  • Active    : She watered this plant this morning
  • Passive  : This plant was watered by her this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:
  • Active    : He has met them
  • Passive  : They have been met by him
  • Active    : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
  • Passive  : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.
d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:
  • Active    : He had met them before I came.
  • Passive  : They had been met by him before I came.
  • Active    : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
  • Passive  : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will meet them tomorrow.
  • Passive  : They will be met by him tomorrow.
  • Active    : She will water this plant this afternoon.
  • Passive  : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
  • Active    : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
  • Passive  : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.
f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
  • Passive  : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
  • Active   : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
  • Passive  : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He would have met them.
  • Passive  : They would have been met by him.
  • Active    : She would have watered this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant would have been watered by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atauare) + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He is meeting them now.
  • Passive  : They are being met by him now.
  • Active    : She is watering this plant now.
  • Passive  : This plant is being watered by her now.
i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He was meeting them.
  • Passive  : They were being met by him.
  • Active    : She was watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant was being watered by her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He has been meeting them.
  • Passive  : They have been being met by him.
  • Active    : She has been watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant has been being watered by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He had been meeting them.
  • Passive  : They had been being met by him.
  • Active    : She had been watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant had been being watered by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will be meeting them.
  • Passive  : They will be being met by him.
  • Active    : She will be watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant will be being watered by her.
m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He would be meeting them.
  • Passive  : They would be being met by him.
  • Active    : She would be watering this plant.
  • Passive   : This plant would be being watered by her.
n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will have been meeting them.
  • Passive  : They will have been being met by him.
  • Active    : She will have been watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant will have been being watered by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He would be meeting them.
  • Passive  : They would be being met by him.
  • Active    : She would be watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant would be being watered by her.
Referensi : http://blogmhs.uki.ac.id/melva/assignment/structure/active-and-passive-voice/


 Kalimat Dengan Dua Bentuk PASIF

Ada kalimat yang terdiri lebih dari satu bentuk pasif. Hal ini dapat diketahui dengan adanya Past Participle dalam kalimat.

Misalnya :
The ring bought yesterday has been stolen
Cincin yang dibeli kemarin telah dicuri

Contoh lainnya :
- The girl adored by your brother has been married
  Gadis yang ditaksir oleh saudaramu itu telah menikah

- Babies born in this hospital are given some presents
  Bayi-bayi yang lahir di Rumah sakit ini diberi beberapa hadiah

- Children educated in schools have to be guided
  Anak-anak yang dididik disekolah harus dibimbing

- The house built many years ago will be knocked down
  Rumah yang dibangun pada zaman dahulu itu akan dirobohkan

Referensi :

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Past Tense
- Kalimat aktif dalam past tense menggunakan Kata Kerja II
- Kalimat pasif dalam past tense menggunakan was were + kata kerja III (past participle)

contoh :
(active)   they signed the agreement
               mereka menandatangani surat perjanjian itu
(passive) the agreement was signed by them
               surat perjanjian itu ditandatangani oleh mereka

(active)   everyone enjoyed the party last night
               setiap orang menikmati pesta tadi malam
(passive) the party was enjoyed by everyone last night
               pesta itu dinikmati oleh setiap orang tadi malam

(active)   the bad news shocked me yesterday
               kabar buruk itu mengejutkan saya kemarin
(passive) i was shocked by the bad news yesterday
               saya terkejut oleh kabar buruk itu kemarin

(active)   we renovated this house in 2005
               kami memugar rumah ini pada tahun 2005
(passive) this house was renovated in 2005
               rumah ini dipugar pada tahun 2005

(active)   they took me to the airport
               mereka mengantarkan saya ke pelabuhan udara
 (passive)i was taken to the airport
               saya diantarkan ke pelabuhan udara



Referensi : Idi Supono, 2007. BBC English Grammar : tata bahasa inggris lengkap



Phrasal verbs in the passive
Some phrasal and prepositional verbs and verbal idioms can be passive.
- The flats were knocked down last year
- Has the doctor been send for?
- Slavery should be done away with
- The child is always being made fun of
The adverb or preposition (down, for) comes after the participle

Jhon Estwood, oxford learner's pocket grammar page  119

Tugas Softskill Bahasa Inggris 2 Passive Voice Amalia Zatadinni (10210591) 4EA15

Pengertian Passive Voice

Passive voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject pada sentence (kalimat) atau clause (klausa) tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak.
Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi active, subject pada sentence atau clause berhubungan langsung dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi. Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (mempunyai direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian.

Rumus Passive Voice

Rumus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini.
passive voice

Catatan:

  • Auxiliary verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was, were, be, been, being) maupun kombinasi antara dua primary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been) maupun antara primary dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been).
  • Kombinasi auxiliary digunakan pada bentuk pasif pada tenses. .
  • Past participle yang digunakan berupa kata kerja transitive (memiliki direct object).
Contoh:
She can’t drive a car. (active voice, transitive), He always come on time. (active voice, intransitive)
  • Perubahan bentuk dari base form ke past tense dan past participle secara regular maupun irregular.
Contoh:
play (base form) —> played (past participle), sing (base form) —> sung (past participle)

Contoh Passive Voice pada Auxiliary Verb be:

KomponenContoh Kalimat Passive Voice
SubjectbePP
IampaidI am paid in dollars.
(Saya dibayar dalam dollar.)
the red velvet recipeisusedThe red velvet recipe is used by many people.
(Resep red velvet tsb digunakan oleh banyak orang.)
all of my shoesarewashedAll of my shoes are washed every month.
(Semua sepatu saya dicuci setiap bulan.)
large amounts of meat and milkareconsumedLarge amounts of meat and milk are consumed by many people in the countries.
(Sejumlah besar daging dan susu dikonsumsi oleh banyak orang di negara-negara tsb.)
the bookwaseditedThe book was edited by Beatrice Sparks.
(Buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)
the bookswereeditedThe books were edited by Beatrice Sparks.
(Buku-buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)

Pengecualian pada Transitive Verbs

Tidak semua transitive verb, kata kerja yang memiliki direct object, dapat dipasifkan. Beberapa kata kerja tersebut yang antara lain: have, become, lack, look like, mean, dll akan terdengar tidak wajar maknanya ketika dipasifkan. Beberapa contoh kalimat dari kata kerja tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.

Contoh:

  • I have a great new idea. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: A great new idea is had by me.
  • The snack contains aspartame. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: Aspartame is contained by the snack.

Active and Passive Voice

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :
  • Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
  • Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:
  1. Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
  2. Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
  3. Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
  4. Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
  5. Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
  6. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.
Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:
Subject + be + Verb+ by + Object + modifier
Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis
a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He meets them everyday.
  • Passive  : They are met by him everyday.
  • Active    : She waters this plant every two days.
  • Passive  : This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
Contoh:
  • Active    : He met them yesterday
  • Passive  : They were met by him yesterday
  • Active    : She watered this plant this morning
  • Passive  : This plant was watered by her this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:
  • Active    : He has met them
  • Passive  : They have been met by him
  • Active    : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
  • Passive  : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.
d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:
  • Active    : He had met them before I came.
  • Passive  : They had been met by him before I came.
  • Active    : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
  • Passive  : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will meet them tomorrow.
  • Passive  : They will be met by him tomorrow.
  • Active    : She will water this plant this afternoon.
  • Passive  : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
  • Active    : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
  • Passive  : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.
f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
  • Passive  : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
  • Active   : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
  • Passive  : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He would have met them.
  • Passive  : They would have been met by him.
  • Active    : She would have watered this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant would have been watered by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atauare) + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He is meeting them now.
  • Passive  : They are being met by him now.
  • Active    : She is watering this plant now.
  • Passive  : This plant is being watered by her now.
i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He was meeting them.
  • Passive  : They were being met by him.
  • Active    : She was watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant was being watered by her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He has been meeting them.
  • Passive  : They have been being met by him.
  • Active    : She has been watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant has been being watered by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He had been meeting them.
  • Passive  : They had been being met by him.
  • Active    : She had been watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant had been being watered by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will be meeting them.
  • Passive  : They will be being met by him.
  • Active    : She will be watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant will be being watered by her.
m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He would be meeting them.
  • Passive  : They would be being met by him.
  • Active    : She would be watering this plant.
  • Passive   : This plant would be being watered by her.
n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will have been meeting them.
  • Passive  : They will have been being met by him.
  • Active    : She will have been watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant will have been being watered by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He would be meeting them.
  • Passive  : They would be being met by him.
  • Active    : She would be watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant would be being watered by her.

 Kalimat Dengan Dua Bentuk PASIF

Ada kalimat yang terdiri lebih dari satu bentuk pasif. Hal ini dapat diketahui dengan adanya Past Participle dalam kalimat.

Misalnya :
The ring bought yesterday has been stolen
Cincin yang dibeli kemarin telah dicuri

Contoh lainnya :
- The girl adored by your brother has been married
  Gadis yang ditaksir oleh saudaramu itu telah menikah

- Babies born in this hospital are given some presents
  Bayi-bayi yang lahir di Rumah sakit ini diberi beberapa hadiah

- Children educated in schools have to be guided
  Anak-anak yang dididik disekolah harus dibimbing

- The house built many years ago will be knocked down
  Rumah yang dibangun pada zaman dahulu itu akan dirobohkan


Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Past Tense
- Kalimat aktif dalam past tense menggunakan Kata Kerja II
- Kalimat pasif dalam past tense menggunakan was were + kata kerja III (past participle)

contoh :
(active)   they signed the agreement
               mereka menandatangani surat perjanjian itu
(passive) the agreement was signed by them
               surat perjanjian itu ditandatangani oleh mereka

(active)   everyone enjoyed the party last night
               setiap orang menikmati pesta tadi malam
(passive) the party was enjoyed by everyone last night
               pesta itu dinikmati oleh setiap orang tadi malam

(active)   the bad news shocked me yesterday
               kabar buruk itu mengejutkan saya kemarin
(passive) i was shocked by the bad news yesterday
               saya terkejut oleh kabar buruk itu kemarin

(active)   we renovated this house in 2005
               kami memugar rumah ini pada tahun 2005
(passive) this house was renovated in 2005
               rumah ini dipugar pada tahun 2005

(active)   they took me to the airport
               mereka mengantarkan saya ke pelabuhan udara
 (passive)i was taken to the airport
               saya diantarkan ke pelabuhan udara



SELESAI