Pengertian Passive Voice
Passive voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject pada sentence (kalimat) atau clause (klausa) tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak.Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi active, subject pada sentence atau clause berhubungan langsung dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi. Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (mempunyai direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian.
Rumus Passive Voice
Rumus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini.
Catatan:
- Auxiliary verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was, were, be, been, being) maupun kombinasi antara dua primary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been) maupun antara primary dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been).
- Kombinasi auxiliary digunakan pada bentuk pasif pada tenses. .
- Past participle yang digunakan berupa kata kerja transitive (memiliki direct object).
She can’t drive a car. (active voice, transitive), He always come on time. (active voice, intransitive)
- Perubahan bentuk dari base form ke past tense dan past participle secara regular maupun irregular.
play (base form) —> played (past participle), sing (base form) —> sung (past participle)
Contoh Passive Voice pada Auxiliary Verb be:
| Komponen | Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | be | PP | |
| I | am | paid | I am paid in dollars. (Saya dibayar dalam dollar.) |
| the red velvet recipe | is | used | The red velvet recipe is used by many people. (Resep red velvet tsb digunakan oleh banyak orang.) |
| all of my shoes | are | washed | All of my shoes are washed every month. (Semua sepatu saya dicuci setiap bulan.) |
| large amounts of meat and milk | are | consumed | Large amounts of meat and milk are consumed by many people in the countries. (Sejumlah besar daging dan susu dikonsumsi oleh banyak orang di negara-negara tsb.) |
| the book | was | edited | The book was edited by Beatrice Sparks. (Buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.) |
| the books | were | edited | The books were edited by Beatrice Sparks. (Buku-buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.) |
Pengecualian pada Transitive Verbs
Tidak semua transitive verb, kata kerja yang memiliki direct object, dapat dipasifkan. Beberapa kata kerja tersebut yang antara lain: have, become, lack, look like, mean, dll akan terdengar tidak wajar maknanya ketika dipasifkan. Beberapa contoh kalimat dari kata kerja tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.Contoh:
- I have a great new idea. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: A great new idea is had by me.
- The snack contains aspartame. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: Aspartame is contained by the snack.
Active and Passive Voice
Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.Contoh :
- Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
- Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
- Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
- Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
- Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
- Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
- Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
- Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.
| Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier |
a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
- Active : He meets them everyday.
- Passive : They are met by him everyday.
- Active : She waters this plant every two days.
- Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.
Contoh:
- Active : He met them yesterday
- Passive : They were met by him yesterday
- Active : She watered this plant this morning
- Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning
Contoh:
- Active : He has met them
- Passive : They have been met by him
- Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
- Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.
Contoh:
- Active : He had met them before I came.
- Passive : They had been met by him before I came.
- Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
- Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
Contoh:
- Active : He will meet them tomorrow.
- Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.
- Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.
- Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
- Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
- Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.
Contoh:
- Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
- Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
- Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
- Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
Contoh:
- Active : He would have met them.
- Passive : They would have been met by him.
- Active : She would have watered this plant.
- Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.
Contoh:
- Active : He is meeting them now.
- Passive : They are being met by him now.
- Active : She is watering this plant now.
- Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.
Contoh:
- Active : He was meeting them.
- Passive : They were being met by him.
- Active : She was watering this plant.
- Passive : This plant was being watered by her.
Contoh:
- Active : He has been meeting them.
- Passive : They have been being met by him.
- Active : She has been watering this plant.
- Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.
Contoh:
- Active : He had been meeting them.
- Passive : They had been being met by him.
- Active : She had been watering this plant.
- Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.
Contoh:
- Active : He will be meeting them.
- Passive : They will be being met by him.
- Active : She will be watering this plant.
- Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.
Contoh:
- Active : He would be meeting them.
- Passive : They would be being met by him.
- Active : She would be watering this plant.
- Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
Contoh:
- Active : He will have been meeting them.
- Passive : They will have been being met by him.
- Active : She will have been watering this plant.
- Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.
Contoh:
- Active : He would be meeting them.
- Passive : They would be being met by him.
- Active : She would be watering this plant.
- Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
Kalimat Dengan Dua Bentuk PASIF
Ada kalimat yang terdiri lebih dari satu bentuk pasif. Hal ini dapat diketahui dengan adanya Past Participle dalam kalimat.
Misalnya :
The ring bought yesterday has been stolen
Cincin yang dibeli kemarin telah dicuri
Contoh lainnya :
- The girl adored by your brother has been married
Gadis yang ditaksir oleh saudaramu itu telah menikah
- Babies born in this hospital are given some presents
Bayi-bayi yang lahir di Rumah sakit ini diberi beberapa hadiah
- Children educated in schools have to be guided
Anak-anak yang dididik disekolah harus dibimbing
- The house built many years ago will be knocked down
Rumah yang dibangun pada zaman dahulu itu akan dirobohkan
Referensi :
Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Past Tense
- Kalimat aktif dalam past tense menggunakan Kata Kerja II
- Kalimat pasif dalam past tense menggunakan was were + kata kerja III (past participle)
contoh :
(active) they signed the agreement
mereka menandatangani surat perjanjian itu
(passive) the agreement was signed by them
surat perjanjian itu ditandatangani oleh mereka
(active) everyone enjoyed the party last night
setiap orang menikmati pesta tadi malam
(passive) the party was enjoyed by everyone last night
pesta itu dinikmati oleh setiap orang tadi malam
(active) the bad news shocked me yesterday
kabar buruk itu mengejutkan saya kemarin
(passive) i was shocked by the bad news yesterday
saya terkejut oleh kabar buruk itu kemarin
(active) we renovated this house in 2005
kami memugar rumah ini pada tahun 2005
(passive) this house was renovated in 2005
rumah ini dipugar pada tahun 2005
(active) they took me to the airport
mereka mengantarkan saya ke pelabuhan udara
(passive)i was taken to the airport
saya diantarkan ke pelabuhan udara
Referensi : Idi Supono, 2007. BBC English Grammar : tata bahasa inggris lengkap
Phrasal verbs in the passive
Some phrasal and prepositional verbs and verbal idioms can be passive.
- The flats were knocked down last year
- Has the doctor been send for?
- Slavery should be done away with
- The child is always being made fun of
The adverb or preposition (down, for) comes after the participle
Jhon Estwood, oxford learner's pocket grammar page 119
